K2 deficiency
K2 deficiency
Vitamin K2 deficiency can disrupt calcium regulation, affecting bones, teeth, blood vessels, and overall health. Common vitamin K2 deficiency signs include bone fragility, bone pain, fatigue, muscle weakness, easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, dental decay, joint stiffness, and petechiae. Long-term K2 deficiency health effects may include osteoporosis, delayed fracture healing, arterial calcification, soft tissue calcium buildup, and increased cardiovascular risk. Vitamin K2 insufficiency indicators often develop subtly and may result from low intake of fermented foods, poor gut health, antibiotic use, or fat malabsorption. Vitamin K2 deficiency diagnosis may involve dietary assessment, undercarboxylated osteocalcin or matrix Gla protein testing, bone scans, and imaging.