public health nutrition
public health nutrition
Vitamin deficiency and micronutrient deficiencies can develop from limited dietary variety, poor absorption, increased nutritional needs, aging, restricted diets, or limited sunlight exposure. Vitamin D deficiency is especially common, while B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, and related mineral deficiencies such as iron, magnesium, and zinc can also affect energy, immune health, bone health, and long-term well-being. Vitamin deficiency symptoms—including fatigue, weakness, mood changes, aches, and poor wound healing—are often nonspecific and cannot confirm the underlying cause. Professional evaluation, laboratory testing, dietary improvements, and evidence-based supplementation can help identify and address nutritional gaps as part of a practical public health nutrition strategy.