Explore how the antioxidant properties of vitamin A are rooted in chemistry. Vitamin A encompasses retinoids—such as retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid—and provitamin A carotenoids that can participate in redox reactions. In its antioxidant capacity, vitamin A engages with reactive oxygen species, helping to curb oxidative processes within cellular compartments and across lipid membranes. On a molecular level, the antioxidant properties of vitamin A include quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals, which helps stabilize lipid and protein components susceptible to peroxidation. Retinoids also participate in signaling through retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), linking redox dynamics with transcriptional regulation in certain contexts. Metabolic handling and distribution: vitamin A is stored as retinyl esters and mobilized as needed, traveling in circulation bound to retinol-binding protein. Within target cells, it can be oxidized to retinal and further to retinoic acid, while maintaining redox balance through interconnected antioxidant networks. The antioxidant properties of vitamin A operate alongside other cellular protective systems to maintain redox homeostasis. Understanding the antioxidant properties of vitamin A reveals a layered role in cellular defense, spanning molecular scavenging, membrane protection, and redox-regulated signaling, all within a broader network of finetuned redox processes.
